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CO 2 Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications
Author(s) -
Baumann M.,
Peters J. F.,
Weil M.,
Grunwald A.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
energy technology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.91
H-Index - 44
eISSN - 2194-4296
pISSN - 2194-4288
DOI - 10.1002/ente.201600622
Subject(s) - battery (electricity) , carbon footprint , greenhouse gas , flexibility (engineering) , life cycle assessment , energy storage , process engineering , environmental science , grid , automotive engineering , reliability engineering , monte carlo method , computer science , simulation , engineering , production (economics) , ecology , power (physics) , statistics , physics , geometry , mathematics , macroeconomics , quantum mechanics , economics , biology
Batteries are considered as one of the key flexibility options for future energy storage systems. However, their production is cost‐ and greenhouse‐gas intensive and efforts are made to decrease their price and carbon footprint. We combine life‐cycle assessment, Monte‐Carlo simulation, and size optimization to determine life‐cycle costs and carbon emissions of different battery technologies in stationary applications, which are then compared by calculating a single score. Cycle life is determined as a key factor for cost and CO 2 emissions. This is not only due to the required battery replacements but also due to oversizing needed for battery types with low cycle lives to reduce degradation effects. Most Li‐ion but also the NaNiCl batteries show a good performance in all assessed applications whereas lead‐acid batteries fall behind due to low cycle life and low internal efficiency. For redox‐flow batteries, a high dependence on the desired application field is pointed out.