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Fast Inline Roll‐to‐Roll Printing for Indium‐Tin‐Oxide‐Free Polymer Solar Cells Using Automatic Registration
Author(s) -
Hösel Markus,
Søndergaard Roar R.,
Jørgensen Mikkel,
Krebs Frederik C.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
energy technology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.91
H-Index - 44
eISSN - 2194-4296
pISSN - 2194-4288
DOI - 10.1002/ente.201200029
Subject(s) - pedot:pss , materials science , indium tin oxide , roll to roll processing , polyethylene terephthalate , electrode , sheet resistance , layer (electronics) , screen printing , optoelectronics , solar cell , nanotechnology , composite material , chemistry
Fast inline roll‐to‐roll printing and coating on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and barrier foil was demonstrated under ambient conditions at web speeds of 10 m min −1 for the manufacture of indium‐tin‐oxide‐free (ITO‐free) polymer solar cells comprising a 6‐layer stack: silver‐grid/PEDOT:PSS/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/silver‐grid. The first and second layers were printed at the same time using inline processing at a web speed of 10 m min −1 where flexographic printing of a hexagonal silver grid comprises the first layer followed by rotary‐screen printing of a PEDOT:PSS electrode as the second layer. The third and fourth layers were slot‐die coated at the same time again using inline processing at a web speed of 10 m min −1 of firstly zinc oxide as the electron transport layer followed by P3HT:PCBM as the active layer. The first three layers (silver‐grid/PEDOT:PSS/ZnO) comprise a generally applicable ITO‐free, semitransparent, electron‐selective front electrode for inverted polymer solar cells. This electrode shows a low sheet resistance (∼10 Ω/□) and good optical transmission in the visible range (∼60 %). The solar cell stack was completed by rotary‐screen printing of a hole‐collecting PEDOT:PSS layer at 2 m min −1 and a comb‐patterned silver‐grid back electrode at the same speed. The solar cells were post processed by using fast roll‐to‐roll switching to a functional state.