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Human exposure to heterocyclic amine food mutagens/carcinogens: Relevance to breast cancer
Author(s) -
Felton James S.,
Knize Mark G.,
Salmon Cynthia P.,
Malfatti Michael A.,
Kulp Kristen S.
Publication year - 2002
Publication title -
environmental and molecular mutagenesis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1098-2280
pISSN - 0893-6692
DOI - 10.1002/em.10070
Subject(s) - carcinogen , metabolite , heterocyclic amine , chemistry , glucuronide , mutagen , urine , breast cancer , ames test , food science , cancer , biochemistry , medicine , biology , genetics , salmonella , bacteria
Abstract Heterocyclic amines produced from overcooked foods are extremely mutagenic in numerous in vitro and in vivo test systems. One of these mutagens, 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐ b ]pyridine (PhIP), induces breast tumors in rats and has been implicated in dietary epidemiology studies as raising the risk of breast cancer in humans. Efforts in our laboratory and others have centered on defining the exposure to PhIP and other dietary mutagens derived from cooked food. We accomplish this by analyzing the foods with a series of solid‐phase extractions and HPLC. We have developed an LC/MS/MS method to analyze the four major human PhIP metabolites (sulfates and glucuronides) following a single meal containing 27 μg of cooking‐produced PhIP in 200 g of grilled meat. Although the intake of PhIP was similar for each of eight women, the total amount excreted in the urine and the metabolite profiles differed among the subjects. It appears that adsorption (digestion) from the meat matrix, other foods in the diet, and genetic differences in metabolism may contribute to the variation. The four major metabolites that can be routinely assayed in the urine are N 2 ‐OH‐PhIP‐ N 2 ‐glucuronide, PhIP‐ N 2 ‐glucuronide, 4′‐PhIP‐glucuronide, and N 2 ‐OH‐PhIP‐ N 3‐glucuronide. This work is suited to investigate individual exposure and risk, especially for breast cancer, from these potent dietary mutagens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:112–118, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.