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Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop combined with field‐amplified sample injection in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of beta(2)‐agonists in bovine urine
Author(s) -
Us Murat Faruk,
Alshana Usama,
Lubbad Ibrahim,
Göğer Nilgün G.,
Ertaş Nusret
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
electrophoresis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.666
H-Index - 158
eISSN - 1522-2683
pISSN - 0173-0835
DOI - 10.1002/elps.201200348
Subject(s) - chromatography , chemistry , extraction (chemistry) , drop (telecommunication) , liquid liquid , salting out , solvent , capillary electrophoresis , analyte , disperser , aqueous solution , analytical chemistry (journal) , materials science , telecommunications , organic chemistry , computer science , composite material
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop ( DLLME – SFO ) was for the first time combined with field‐amplified sample injection ( FASI ) in CE to determine four β 2 ‐agonists (cimbuterol, clenbuterol, mabuterol, and mapenterol) in bovine urine. Optimum BGE consisted of 20 mM borate buffer and 0.1 mM SDS . Using salting‐out extraction, β 2 ‐agonists were extracted into ACN that was then used as the disperser solvent in DLLME – SFO . Optimum DLLME – SFO conditions were: 1.0 mL ACN , 50 μL 1‐undecanol (extraction solvent), total extraction time 1.5 min, no salt addition. Back extraction into an aqueous solution (pH 2.0) facilitated direct injection of β 2 ‐agonists into CE . Compared to conventional CZE , DLLME – SFO – FASI – CE achieved sensitivity enhancement factors of 41–1046 resulting in LOD s in the range of 1.80–37.0 μg L −1 . Linear dynamic ranges of 0.15–10.0 mg L −1 for cimbuterol and 15–1000 μg L −1 for the other analytes were obtained with coefficients of determination ( R 2 ) ≥ 0.9901 and RSD % ≤5.5 ( n = 5). Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was successfully confirmed by determination of the four β 2 ‐agonists in spiked bovine urine samples and accuracy higher than 96.0% was obtained.