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Capillary electrophoresis‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry: A report on technical principles and problem solutions, potential, and limitations of this technology as well as on examples of application
Author(s) -
Michalke Bernhard
Publication year - 2005
Publication title -
electrophoresis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.666
H-Index - 158
eISSN - 1522-2683
pISSN - 0173-0835
DOI - 10.1002/elps.200410314
Subject(s) - nebulizer , capillary electrophoresis , inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , chemistry , volumetric flow rate , interfacing , mass spectrometry , capillary action , inductively coupled plasma , analytical chemistry (journal) , process engineering , chromatography , computer science , materials science , plasma , engineering , mechanics , medicine , physics , anesthesia , computer hardware , composite material , quantum mechanics
This paper summarizes some basic principles of capillary electrophoresis (CE), inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), and coupling of both devices. Especially the interfacing is described in detail. A special focus is drawn to various interface developments reported in literature and technical problems, i.e. , requirements to the interface setup and respective solutions. Nowadays, typically sheath flow‐based interfaces are used. The sheath flow fulfills two requirements of hyphenation, (i) the closing of the electrical circuit of CE and (ii) the feeding of the used nebulizer with an adequate flow rate. In the beginning of CE‐ICP‐MS coupling predominantly home‐made interface‐nebulizer constructions were developed and tested for various speciation problems. Now increasingly such laboratory‐constructed interfaces are left. Mostly commercial nebulizers are employed being combined with commercially available tee or cross fittings to connect the CE capillary to the electrode, the additional sheath flow, and the nebulizer. Due to the low sample amounts and low flow rates from CE, such nebulizers are typically low‐flow nebulizers like, e.g. , the microconcentric nebulizer (MCN) and the direct injection nebulizer (DIN). However, there are also reports on couplings using standard Meinhard systems. Still the control and reduction of a siphoning sucting flow and sufficient detection limits are the major problems in hyphenating CE to ICP‐MS. Different solutions are reported on these problems and summarized here. Finally numerous applications are reported. Mostly, applications are performed on speciation of selenium, arsenic, metallothionein isoforms, mercury, or cobalt.