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Long‐term Monitoring of Propofol and Fouling Effect on Pencil Graphite Electrodes
Author(s) -
Stradolini Francesca,
Kilic Tugba,
Di Consiglio Alberto,
Ozsoz Mehmet,
De Micheli Giovanni,
Carrara Sandro
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
electroanalysis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.574
H-Index - 128
eISSN - 1521-4109
pISSN - 1040-0397
DOI - 10.1002/elan.201700834
Subject(s) - propofol , graphite , cyclic voltammetry , electrode , materials science , dielectric spectroscopy , therapeutic drug monitoring , fouling , biomedical engineering , electrochemistry , anesthesia , chemistry , pharmacology , composite material , medicine , drug , biochemistry , membrane
The evaluation of the efficacy of drugs’ action is of crucial importance for preventing adverse effects due to over‐ or under‐dosing. This is especially valuable in the case of propofol, a benchmark anesthetic, since its plasma concentration has to be continuously monitored to achieve and maintain a certain level of sedation during the surgery. To this end, long‐term monitoring approaches have to be implemented. Electrochemical sensors have taken great interest for propofol monitoring. However, the problem of fouling of the propofol on the sensing electrodes, as due to compound‐polymerization caused by successive measurements, makes almost impossible the long‐term drug monitoring of such a compound. For the first time by this study, we have shown that long‐term monitoring of propofol can be achieved by electrochemical sensors based on Pencil Graphite Electrode (PGE) with a proper clay/graphite ratio. Our research has shown that a clay/graphite ratio of 0.4 prevents fouling and hence enables monitoring of propofol.up to 4‐hours. Surface analysis of various PGEs has been conducted via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) whereas detection of propofol has been investigated by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV).