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Background  Previous studies found evidence that dispositional optimism is related to lower pain sensitivity. Recent findings suggest that temporarily increasing optimism by means of imagining a positive future may also have pain‐alleviating effects.    Objectives  The present experiment was designed to investigate conditioned pain modulation ( CPM ) as a potential underlying mechanism of this pain‐alleviating effect of induced optimism.    Methods  For this purpose, 45 healthy participants were randomized into an optimistic or neutral imagery condition. Additionally, participants completed questionnaires on dispositional optimism, pain catastrophizing and pain expectations.  CPM  was assessed by delivering a series of five heat pain stimuli on the nondominant hand before and during immersion of the dominant hand in water of 5°C for 70 s.    Results  A clear  CPM  effect was found, that is heat pain reports were lower during simultaneous cold water stimulation. Although the optimism manipulation successfully increased optimism, it did not affect pain ratings or  CPM . Post hoc analyses indicated that dispositional optimism was not associated with the magnitude of  CPM , but pain catastrophizing and pain expectations did significantly correlate with the  CPM  effect.    Conclusion  Pain‐specific but not general cognitions appear to influence endogenous pain modulation.    Significance  Conditioned pain modulation is not the underlying mechanism of the pain‐alleviating effects of induced optimism. However, pain‐specific cognitions including pain catastrophizing and pain expectations affect endogenous pain modulation which should be taken into account in treatment and  CPM  research.

General versus pain‐specific cognitions: Pain catastrophizing but not optimism influences conditioned pain modulation