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Molecular Rotors Based on the Boron Dipyrromethene Fluorophore
Author(s) -
Benniston Andrew C.,
Harriman Anthony,
Whittle Victoria L.,
Zelzer Mischa
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
european journal of organic chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.825
H-Index - 155
eISSN - 1099-0690
pISSN - 1434-193X
DOI - 10.1002/ejoc.200901135
Subject(s) - chemistry , dihedral angle , fluorophore , excited state , boron , solvent , photochemistry , spectroscopy , chemical physics , molecule , hydrogen bond , fluorescence , organic chemistry , atomic physics , optics , physics , quantum mechanics
In order to examine how changes in the size of the rotary group affect the efficacy of molecular probes for monitoring changes in local viscosity, a boron dipyrromethene dyebearing a meso ‐phenanthrene unit has been synthesized and fully characterized. 19 F NMR spectroscopy, together with molecular modelling, indicates that the bulky phenanthryl unit cannot rotate completely around the connecting C–C linkage but can oscillate over a reasonably large dihedral angle. This situation is to be contrasted with the corresponding dye having a meso ‐phenylene ring. The latter dye functions as a molecular probe for changes in viscosity of the surrounding solvent but remains essentially insensitive to changes in the polarity of the solvent. The opposite situation is found for the phenanthryl derivative, where a charge‐transfer state lies at higher energy than the emissive π,π* excited state but can be accessed thermally. The results are considered in terms of energy‐level diagrams taking into account rotational freedom. Photophysical properties are reported for both dyes in a range of solvents, and temperature‐dependent studies are described.