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Optimization of Ultrasound‐Assisted Alkali Neutralization in the Refining of Safflower Oil to Minimize the Loss of Bioactive Compounds
Author(s) -
Ablay Özgür Devrim,
Özdikicierler Onur,
Saygın Gümüşkesen Aytaç
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
european journal of lipid science and technology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.614
H-Index - 94
eISSN - 1438-9312
pISSN - 1438-7697
DOI - 10.1002/ejlt.202100004
Subject(s) - neutralization , sodium hydroxide , chemistry , alkali metal , calcium hydroxide , magnesium , refining (metallurgy) , chromatography , hydroxide , nuclear chemistry , calcium oxide , inorganic chemistry , organic chemistry , antibody , immunology , biology
In this study, ultrasound‐assisted (UA) neutralization parameters are optimized using the response surface methodology to develop a novel alkali neutralization method based on the minimal refining concept. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) are used in both the traditional (TR) and UA neutralizations. Optimum probe depth, duration, and intensity levels are calculated as 3.7 cm, 25 s, and 54.3%, respectively, for UA neutralization with NaOH, which is more successful at free fatty acid (FFA) reduction and total phenolic content (TPC) retention than MgO and Ca(OH) 2 . Validation results of optimum conditions show that lowest average FFA content (0.29%) and highest average TPC (211.2 mg kg −1 ) are determined for the UA‐neutralized safflower oil samples. The comparison of all the neutralization experiments reveal that the UA neutralization under optimum conditions using NaOH reduced 82.8% of the FFA content, whereas the TR alkali neutralization reduced the FFA content at a maximum of only 47.8%. Practical Applications : From the results, it can be inferred that the UA neutralization exhibits good performance in FFA content reduction and bioactive compound retention while offering a good solution within the concept of minimal refining.