Premium
Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Waste Citrus Seeds: Chemical Composition, Nutritional and Biological Properties of Edible Fixed Oils
Author(s) -
Rosa Antonella,
Era Benedetta,
Masala Carla,
Nieddu Mariella,
Scano Paola,
Fais Antonella,
Porcedda Silvia,
Piras Alessandra
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
european journal of lipid science and technology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.614
H-Index - 94
eISSN - 1438-9312
pISSN - 1438-7697
DOI - 10.1002/ejlt.201800502
Subject(s) - chemistry , food science , citrus paradisi , supercritical fluid extraction , extraction (chemistry) , palmitic acid , linoleic acid , botany , rutaceae , fatty acid , chromatography , organic chemistry , biology
Seeds of Citrus plants (Rutaceae), an major agro‐industrial waste, are a potential source of valuable by‐products. The chemical composition, the antioxidant profile, and the biological/nutritional properties of fixed oils (SFE oils) obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction (at 300 bar and 40 °C) from seeds of mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ), lemon ( Citrus limon ), and grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ), discarded by a local agro‐alimentary industry are studied. The yields and compositions of SFE oils are compared to oils obtained by n ‐hexane extraction of Citrus seeds in a Soxhlet apparatus (SoxE oils). Linoleic (35–42%), oleic (22–28%), palmitic (21–25%), α‐linolenic (4–10%), and stearic (4–7%) are the main oil fatty acids, while monolinolein and dilinolein derivatives represent the main triacylglycerols in SFE oils, determined by GC‐FID and HPLC‐DAD/ELSD techniques. Citrus SFE oils show lower yields than SoxE oils but similar chemical profiles. Principal components analysis applied to fatty acid and triacylglycerol data indicates that the oils from different seeds are tightly clustered. Moreover, SFE oils show radical scavenging activities (ABTS assays), an inhibitory effect on the growth of murine B16F10 melanoma cells and on the mushroom tyrosinase activity. Citrus SFE oils and de‐coated seeds are also evaluated for their attractant effect on the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata by behavioral assays. The results qualify Citrus SFE oils as a potential natural, environmentally‐friendly, resource for food/pharmaceutical applications. Practical Applications : The environmentally‐friendly supercritical CO 2 extraction of waste lemon, mandarin, and grapefruit seeds gives edible fixed oils a richness in essential fatty acids, suitable for human nutrition and the preparation of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Edible fixed oils obtained from lemon, mandarin, and grapefruit seeds by SFE‐CO 2 extraction show high levels of essential fatty acids, antioxidant, anticancer, and antityrosinase activity.