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Constraints and potentials for the nutritional modulation of the fatty acid composition of ruminant meat
Author(s) -
Bessa Rui J. B.,
Alves Susana P.,
SantosSilva José
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
european journal of lipid science and technology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.614
H-Index - 94
eISSN - 1438-9312
pISSN - 1438-7697
DOI - 10.1002/ejlt.201400468
Subject(s) - rumen , polyunsaturated fatty acid , ruminant , food science , chemistry , fatty acid , zoology , biochemistry , biology , agronomy , pasture , fermentation
The meat from ruminants can be a valuable dietary source of rumenic acid ( c 9, t 11‐CLA) and of n‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 LC‐PUFA). Nevertheless, commonly ruminant meats present a fairly low content of both c 9, t 11‐CLA and n‐3 LC‐PUFA. Most of c 9, t 11‐CLA in meat is derived from the delta‐9 desaturation of t 11‐18:1 catalyzed by stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) and deposited in triacylglycerides (TAG). Thus, optimizing c 9, t 11‐CLA in meat implies: a high substrate supply, a high SCD activity, and a high intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition. High rumen t 11‐18:1 outflow requires high forage diets which down‐regulate SCD activity and IMF deposition. Conversely, as most animals are finished with cereal rich concentrate diets, the SCD activity and IMF deposition are promoted but the rumen outflow of t 11‐18:1 frequently is replaced by t 10‐18:1 ( t 10‐shift) which cannot be converted to CLA. Thus the occurrence of the rumen t 10‐shift is probably the main constraint to c 9, t 11‐CLA enrichment in meat, as is reviewed in detail. The constrains to n‐3 LC‐PUFA enrichment of ruminant meat are mostly associated to the extensive rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA, the low elongation and desaturation of 18:3n‐3 into n‐3 LC‐PUFA, and the capacity of muscle lipids to incorporate n‐3 LC‐PUFA. Considering the almost exclusive esterification of n‐3 LC‐PUFA in membrane phospholipids, the limits to n‐3 LC‐PUFA incorporation in muscle are discussed considering the amount of and type of available phospholipids as well as the possibility of its esterification in TAG. Simplified summary of the main drives that could limit the c 9, t 11‐CLA deposition in meat of ruminants fed high forage or high concentrate diets.