Ceramide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections

Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common autosomal recessive disorder, at least in western countries, is caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembranous conductance regulator (CFTR) molecule and affects approximately 80,000 patients in Europe and the USA. Most, if not all, CF patients develop a chronic pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . At present it is unknown why CF patients are highly sensitive to P. aeruginosa infections, and most importantly, no curative treatment for CF is available. P. aeruginosa infection results in an activation of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase which catalyzes the release of ceramide from sphingomyelin in the cell membrane. Ceramide forms large ceramide‐enriched membrane domains that are required for internalization of bacteria, induction of cell death in infected cells and a controlled release of cytokines from infected cells. Ceramide‐enriched membrane platforms seem to serve the reorganization of receptors and intracellular signaling molecules involved in the infection of mammalian cells with P. aeruginosa . The significance of the acid sphingomyelinase and ceramide for the infection of mammalian cells with P. aeruginosa was demonstrated on mice genetically deficient for the acid sphingomyelinase. Further studies with N. gonorrhoeae , S. aureus and rhinoviruses indicate that ceramide‐enriched membrane domains are also important for the infection of mammalian cells with other bacterial and viral pathogens, suggesting a general role of these membrane domains in infectious biology.