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Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Optical Properties, and Phase Transitions of the Layered Guanidinium‐Based Hybrid Perovskites [C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 M I 4 ; M = Sn, Pb
Author(s) -
Daub Michael,
Haber Christoph,
Hillebrecht Harald
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
european journal of inorganic chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.667
H-Index - 136
eISSN - 1099-0682
pISSN - 1434-1948
DOI - 10.1002/ejic.201601499
Subject(s) - chemistry , triclinic crystal system , octahedron , crystallography , stoichiometry , crystal structure , phase (matter) , band gap , infrared spectroscopy , spectroscopy , stereochemistry , materials science , physics , organic chemistry , optoelectronics , quantum mechanics
The title compounds were obtained by the treatment of M I 2 in conc. HI with stoichiometric amounts of [C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 CO 3 . They show several phase transitions. The Pb/Sn HT phases {[C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 PbI 4 ‐I, Pnma, Z = 4, a = 13.04 Å, b = 13.62 Å, c = 9.36 Å} and {[C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 SnI 4 ‐I: a = 13.04 Å, b = 13.57 Å, c = 9.45 Å}, as well as [C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 PbI 4 ‐II ( Pnnm, Z = 8, a = 27.03 Å, b = 9.31 Å, c = 12.92 Å) and [C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 SnI 4 ‐II ( a = 26.89 Å, b = 9.30 Å, c = 12.94 Å) and also [C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 PbI 4 ‐III ( P 2 1 / n, Z = 8, a = 9.21 Å, b = 26.88 Å, c = 12.68 Å, β = 90.49°) and [C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 SnI 4 ‐III ( a = 9.28 Å, b = 26.95 Å, c = 12.81 Å, β = 90.76°) are isotypic with each other. For [C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 SnI 4 the LT phase realizes a triclinic variant ( P 1 , Z = 4, a = 9.27 Å, b = 12.67 Å, c = 14.44 Å, α = 66.98°, β = 85.88°, γ = 88.26°). The structures are (110)‐oriented perovskites A 2 MX 4 with corrugated layers of edge‐sharing M I 6 octahedra. HT‐ and MT‐forms show a 2+4 pattern of M –I distances. [C(NH 2 ) 3 ] 2 SnI 4 ‐IV represents a new structure type. The different modifications are distinguished by the ordering pattern of the cations and the tilt of the M I 6 octahedra. The structural characterizations are amended by vibrational and optical spectroscopy as well as thermal analysis. The band gap of the Sn compound (2.06 eV) makes it a possible candidate as an absorber for the tandem solar cell. For the Pb compound an excitonic absorption peak is observed right below the band gap (2.49 eV) indicating stable excitons at room temperature.