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Reframing the association and significance of co‐morbidities in heart failure
Author(s) -
Triposkiadis Filippos,
Giamouzis Gregory,
Parissis John,
Starling Randall C.,
Boudoulas Harisios,
Skoularigis John,
Butler Javed,
Filippatos Gerasimos
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
european journal of heart failure
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.149
H-Index - 133
eISSN - 1879-0844
pISSN - 1388-9842
DOI - 10.1002/ejhf.600
Subject(s) - medicine , heart failure , context (archaeology) , ejection fraction , cardiology , cognitive reframing , comorbidity , intensive care medicine , paleontology , social psychology , psychology , biology
Several co‐existing diseases and/or conditions (co‐morbidities) are present in patients with heart failure ( HF ), with diverse clinical relevance. Multiple mechanisms may underlie the co‐existence of HF and co‐morbidities, including direct causation, associated risk factors, heterogeneity, and independence. The complex inter‐relationship of co‐morbidities and their impact on the cardiovascular system contribute to the features of HF , both with reduced ( HFrEF ) and preserved ejection fraction ( HFpEF ). The purpose of this work is to provide an overview of the contribution of major cardiac and non‐cardiac co‐morbidities to HF development and outcomes, in the context of both HFpEF and HFrEF . Accordingly, epidemiological evidence linking co‐morbidities to HF and the effect of prevalent and incident co‐morbidities on HF outcome will be reviewed.