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Density‐mediated indirect effects from active predators and narrow habitat domain prey
Author(s) -
Rinehart S. A.,
Schroeter S. C.,
Long J. D.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
ecology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.144
H-Index - 294
eISSN - 1939-9170
pISSN - 0012-9658
DOI - 10.1002/ecy.1956
Subject(s) - predation , biology , foraging , ecology , predator , trophic level , trophic cascade , population , habitat , functional response , biomass (ecology) , range (aeronautics) , materials science , demography , composite material , sociology
Abstract The hunting‐mode–habitat‐domain‐range framework suggests that the mechanism driving trophic cascades (i.e., trait‐mediated indirect interactions [ TMII s] vs. density‐mediated indirect interactions [ DMII s]) should depend upon the functional traits of predators and prey. For example, trophic cascades containing active, broad habitat domain range ( BHDR ) predators interacting with narrow habitat domain range ( NHDR ) prey are predicted to arise primarily via TMII s, because these prey should reduce their conspicuous activity in the presence of these predators. Unfortunately, this hypothesis is difficult to test given the strong bias against studies assessing trophic cascades containing NHDR prey. Furthermore, this hypothesis ignores evidence that (1) active predators can have high consumption rates on prey, (2) continuously responding to active predators foraging across broad areas is energetically costly for prey, and (3) cues from active, BHDR predators may not influence prey density. We examined the TMII s and total indirect interaction ( TII ) produced during interactions between an active, BHDR ladybeetle predator ( Naemia seriata ) and its NHDR prey (scale insects). We exposed scale insects to nonlethal and lethal ladybeetle predators in laboratory mesocosms for 15 weeks. We measured the growth of the scale insect's host plant (cordgrass) and the population density of scale insects. Contrary to theory, nonlethal ladybeetles did not induce TMII s. However, lethal ladybeetles increased cordgrass total and root dry biomass by 36% and 44%, respectively, suggesting the presence of strong DMII s. Additionally, both lethal and nonlethal ladybeetles reduced scale insect population density. Our findings suggest that DMII s, rather than TMII s, can result from interactions between active BHDR predators and NHDR prey.