Open AccessEcological and evolutionary factors of intraspecific variation in inducible defenses: Insights gained from Daphnia experiments
Author(s) -
Nagano Mariko,
Doi Hideyuki
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
ecology and evolution
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.17
H-Index - 63
ISSN - 2045-7758
DOI - 10.1002/ece3.6599
Subject(s) - intraspecific competition , biology , daphnia , natural selection , variation (astronomy) , ecology , adaptation (eye) , evolutionary biology , predator , predation , defence mechanisms , selection (genetic algorithm) , crustacean , gene , genetics , physics , astrophysics , artificial intelligence , neuroscience , computer science
Phenotypic variation among individuals and species is a fundamental principle of natural selection. In this review, we focus on numerous experiments involving the model species Daphnia (Crustacea) and categorize the factors, especially secondary ones, affecting intraspecific variations in inducible defense. Primary factors, such as predator type and density, determine the degree to which inducible defense expresses and increases or decreases. Secondary factors, on the other hand, act together with primary factors to inducible defense or without primary factors on inducible defense. The secondary factors increase intraspecies variation in inducible defense, and thus, the level of adaptation of organisms varies within species. Future research will explore the potential for new secondary factors, as well as the relative importance between factors needs to be clarified.