Open AccessSympatric speciation in the Simulium arcticum s. l. complex (Diptera: Simuliidae): The Rothfels model updated
Author(s) -
Shields Gerald F.,
Procunier William S.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
ecology and evolution
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.17
H-Index - 63
ISSN - 2045-7758
DOI - 10.1002/ece3.5402
Subject(s) - sympatric speciation , biology , black fly , taxon , sympatry , genetic algorithm , ecology , evolutionary biology , larva , zoology
We tested the Rothfels sympatric speciation model for black flies by comparing all available data for sex-chromosome diversity with the geographic locations of larval collection sites within the Simulium arcticum complex of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Five separate data sets equaling about 20,000 larvae were included from throughout the geographic range of this complex. We record a total of 31 taxa having unique sex chromosomes, all of which demonstrate linkage disequilibrium with most taxa sharing autosomal polymorphisms. All siblings share portions of their distributions with S. negativum , the presumed oldest member of the complex. Twenty-one of 22 cytotypes have distributions within the ranges of siblings thus supporting the sympatric speciation model of Rothfels. Chromosomally diverse sites may require analysis of as many as 200 larvae to be properly described. There is no effect of any inversions influencing the occurrence of other inversions. Finally, we report a new cytotype, Simulium arcticum IIL-6, which we originally discovered in Alaska. Aspects of future genomic research are discussed as they relate to the main chromosomal structural/functional tenants of the model.