Open AccessFlies evolved small bodies and cells at high or fluctuating temperatures
Author(s) -
Adrian Gregory J.,
Czarnoleski Marcin,
Angilletta Michael J.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
ecology and evolution
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.17
H-Index - 63
ISSN - 2045-7758
DOI - 10.1002/ece3.2534
Subject(s) - biology , drosophila melanogaster , phenotypic plasticity , evolutionary biology , cell size , wing , constant (computer programming) , drosophila (subgenus) , variation (astronomy) , ecology , genetics , microbiology and biotechnology , physics , gene , thermodynamics , computer science , astrophysics , programming language
Recent theory predicts that the sizes of cells will evolve according to fluctuations in body temperature. Smaller cells speed metabolism during periods of warming but require more energy to maintain and repair. To evaluate this theory, we studied the evolution of cell size in populations of Drosophila melanogaster held at either a constant temperature (16°C or 25°C) or fluctuating temperatures (16 and 25°C). Populations that evolved at fluctuating temperatures or a constant 25°C developed smaller thoraxes, wings, and cells than did flies exposed to a constant 16°C. The cells of flies from fluctuating environments were intermediate in size to those of flies from constant environments. Most genetic variation in cell size was independent of variation in wing size, suggesting that cell size was a target of selection. These evolutionary patterns accord with patterns of developmental plasticity documented previously. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms that underlie the selective advantage of small cells at high or fluctuating temperatures.