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V‐ATPase‐dependent ectodermal voltage and ph regionalization are required for craniofacial morphogenesis
Author(s) -
Vandenberg Laura N.,
Morrie Ryan D.,
Adams Dany Spencer
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
developmental dynamics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.634
H-Index - 141
eISSN - 1097-0177
pISSN - 1058-8388
DOI - 10.1002/dvdy.22685
Subject(s) - xenopus , biology , hyperpolarization (physics) , gastrulation , ectoderm , microbiology and biotechnology , morphogenesis , anatomy , biochemistry , gene , embryogenesis , chemistry , embryo , organic chemistry , nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Using voltage and pH reporter dyes, we have discovered a never‐before‐seen regionalization of the Xenopus ectoderm, with cell subpopulations delimited by different membrane voltage and pH. We distinguished three courses of bioelectrical activity. Course I is a wave of hyperpolarization that travels across the gastrula. Course II comprises the appearance of patterns that match shape changes and gene expression domains of the developing face; hyperpolarization marks folding epithelium and both hyperpolarized and depolarized regions overlap domains of head patterning genes. In Course III, localized regions of hyperpolarization form at various positions, expand, and disappear. Inhibiting H + ‐transport by the H + ‐V‐ATPase causes abnormalities in: (1) the morphology of craniofacial structures; (2) Course II voltage patterns; and (3) patterns of sox9, pax8, slug, mitf, xfz3, otx2 , and pax6 . We conclude that this bioelectric signal has a role in development of the face. Thus, it exemplifies an important, under‐studied mechanism of developmental regulation. Developmental Dynamics 240:1889–1904, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.