Premium
Hoxa2 plays a direct role in murine palate development
Author(s) -
Smith Tara M.,
Wang Xia,
Zhang Wei,
Kulyk William,
Nazarali Adil J.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
developmental dynamics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.634
H-Index - 141
eISSN - 1097-0177
pISSN - 1058-8388
DOI - 10.1002/dvdy.22040
Subject(s) - biology , microbiology and biotechnology , embryo , tongue , embryonic stem cell , anatomy , secondary palate , phenotype , gene , pathology , genetics , medicine
The cleft palate exhibited by Hoxa2 null murine embryos has been described as being secondary to abnormalities of tongue musculature, and Hoxa2 was presumed to not play a direct role in palate development. However, we detected Hoxa2 expression in the developing palate at both the mRNA and protein levels between embryonic day (E) 12.5 and E15.5. Organ cultures of Hoxa2 −/− palates maintained in the absence of the tongue showed decreased fusion rates than either Hoxa2 +/− or Hoxa2 +/+ palate cultures. Knocking down Hoxa2 expression with antisense retroviral constructs resulted in decreased fusion rates than corresponding controls. An overall increase in cell proliferation was observed in Hoxa2 null palates providing a potential mechanism by which Hoxa2 may be affecting palate development. Hoxa2 also repressed the expression of its downstream targets Msx1 , Bmp4 , Barx1 , and Ptx1 within the palate. These results demonstrate the cleft palate phenotype of Hoxa2 null embryos is not solely due to abnormal tongue musculature, and indicate a direct role of Hoxa2 in regulating murine palatogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 238:2364–2373, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.