Premium
In vitro metabolism study of a black market product containing SARM LGD‐4033
Author(s) -
Geldof Lore,
Pozo Oscar J.,
Lootens Leen,
Morthier Wouter,
Van Eenoo Peter,
Deventer Koen
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
drug testing and analysis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.065
H-Index - 54
eISSN - 1942-7611
pISSN - 1942-7603
DOI - 10.1002/dta.1930
Subject(s) - chemistry , metabolite , chromatography , glucuronidation , anabolic agents , anabolism , pharmacology , biochemistry , microsome , in vitro , medicine
Anabolic agents are often used by athletes to enhance their performance. However, use of steroids leads to considerable side effects. Non‐steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a novel class of substances that have not been approved so far but seem to have a more favourable anabolic/androgenic ratio than steroids and produce fewer side effects. Therefore the use of SARMs has been prohibited since 2008 by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). Several of these SARMs have been detected on the black market. Metabolism studies are essential to identify the best urinary markers to ensure effective control of emerging substances by doping control laboratories. As black market products often contain non‐pharmaceutical‐grade substances, alternatives for human excretion studies are needed to elucidate the metabolism. A black market product labelled to contain the SARM LGD‐4033 was purchased over the Internet. Purity verification of the black market product led to the detection of LGD‐4033, without other contaminants. Human liver microsomes and S9 liver fractions were used to perform phase I and phase II (glucuronidation) metabolism studies. The samples of the in vitro metabolism studies were analyzed by gas chromatography‐(tandem) mass spectrometry (GC‐MS(/MS)), liquid chromatography‐high resolution‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐(HR)MS/MS). LC‐HRMS product ion scans allowed to identify typical fragment ions for the parent compound and to further determine metabolite structures. In total five metabolites were detected, all modified in the pyrrolidine ring of LGD‐4033. The metabolic modifications ranged from hydroxylation combined with keto‐formation (M1) or cleavage of the pyrrolidine ring (M2), hydroxylation and methylation (M3/M4) and dihydroxylation (M5). The parent compound and M2 were also detected as glucuronide‐conjugates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.