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An automated method for coding sleep states in human infants based on respiratory rate variability
Author(s) -
Isler Joseph R.,
Thai Tracy,
Myers Michael M.,
Fifer William P.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
developmental psychobiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.055
H-Index - 93
eISSN - 1098-2302
pISSN - 0012-1630
DOI - 10.1002/dev.21482
Subject(s) - concordance , quiet , percentile , concordance correlation coefficient , audiology , coding (social sciences) , sleep (system call) , heart rate variability , respiratory rate , sleep stages , analysis of variance , statistics , psychology , polysomnography , heart rate , medicine , mathematics , computer science , electroencephalography , psychiatry , blood pressure , physics , quantum mechanics , operating system
A novel quantitative method for coding epochs of active and quiet sleep in infants using respiration is reported. The approach uses the variance of the instantaneous breathing rate within brief epochs of sleep. Variances are normalized within subject by dividing by the 75th percentile variance across epochs. Then, a normalized variance active sleep threshold of 0.29 was determined to produce the highest concordance with a method based on visual inspection of respiratory variability (100% and 90% for quiet and active sleep, respectively). The method was independently validated by comparing to standard polysomnographic state coding (87% and 80% concordance for quiet and active sleep) as well as with behavioral state coding (92% and 78% for quiet and active sleep). Validity was also demonstrated by showing that sleep states identified by the method resulted in the expected state differences in infant heart rate variability and electrocortical activity.