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Calculating output impedance in linear networks without source nulling or load disconnect: the instantaneous output impedance
Author(s) -
Elwakil A. S.,
Maundy B. J.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
international journal of circuit theory and applications
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.364
H-Index - 52
eISSN - 1097-007X
pISSN - 0098-9886
DOI - 10.1002/cta.2065
Subject(s) - output impedance , electrical impedance , input impedance , gyrator , control theory (sociology) , voltage source , damping factor , image impedance , impedance matching , voltage , physics , computer science , electronic engineering , engineering , electrical engineering , control (management) , artificial intelligence
Summary This paper derives exact expressions for the output impedance of a voltage‐excited (current‐excited) linear network without having to nullify (kill) the exciting source or disconnect the load. The derived expressions show that the instantaneous output impedance is both source and load dependent, but when the source is nullified, the output impedance becomes independent of the load, as expected. For some special networks, the output impedance is also independent of the load. The expressions are verified for a number of known circuit setups and experimentally on a gyrator‐based linear network, which has an output impedance that can switch between positive and negative values. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.