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Rational Route for Increasing Intercalation Capacity of Hard Carbons as Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Author(s) -
Katsuyama Yuto,
Nakayasu Yuta,
Kobayashi Hiroaki,
Goto Yasuto,
Honma Itaru,
Watanabe Masaru
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
chemsuschem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.412
H-Index - 157
eISSN - 1864-564X
pISSN - 1864-5631
DOI - 10.1002/cssc.202001837
Subject(s) - intercalation (chemistry) , anode , raman spectroscopy , crystallite , materials science , battery (electricity) , stacking , carbon fibers , chemical engineering , analytical chemistry (journal) , inorganic chemistry , chemistry , electrode , composite material , organic chemistry , thermodynamics , metallurgy , composite number , power (physics) , physics , optics , engineering
Hard carbon (HC) is the most promising candidate for sodium‐ion battery anode materials. Several material properties such as intensity ratio of the Raman spectrum, lateral size of HC crystallite ( L a ), and interlayer distance ( d 002 ) have been discussed as factors affecting anode performance. However, these factors do not reflect the bulk property of the Na + intercalation reaction directly, since Raman analysis has high surface sensitivity and L a and d 002 provide only one‐dimensional crystalline information. Herein, it was proposed that the crystallite interlayer area ( A i ) defined using L a , d 002 , and stacking height ( L c ) governs Na + intercalation behavior of various HCs. It was revealed that various wood‐derived HCs exhibited the similar total capacity of approximately 250 mAh g −1 , whereas the Na + intercalation capacity ( C i ) was proportional to A i with the correlation coefficient of R 2 =0.94. The evaluation factor of A i was also adaptable to previous reports and strongly correlated with their C i , indicating that A i is more widely adaptable than the conventional evaluation methods.