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Integrating Reverse‐Electrodialysis Stacks with Flow Batteries for Improved Energy Recovery from Salinity Gradients and Energy Storage
Author(s) -
Zhu Xiuping,
Kim Taeyoung,
Rahimi Mohammad,
Gorski Christopher A.,
Logan Bruce E.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
chemsuschem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.412
H-Index - 157
eISSN - 1864-564X
pISSN - 1864-5631
DOI - 10.1002/cssc.201601220
Subject(s) - reversed electrodialysis , stack (abstract data type) , anode , flow battery , energy storage , battery (electricity) , electrolyte , power density , process engineering , salinity , environmental science , power (physics) , chemistry , materials science , electricity generation , computer science , thermodynamics , electrode , engineering , geology , physics , oceanography , programming language
Salinity gradient energy can be directly converted into electrical power by using reverse electrodialysis (RED) and other technologies, but reported power densities have been too low for practical applications. Herein, the RED stack performance was improved by using 2,6‐dihydroxyanthraquinone and ferrocyanide as redox couples. These electrolytes were then used in a flow battery to produce an integrated RED stack and flow battery (RED‐FB) system capable of capturing, storing, and discharging salinity gradient energy. Energy captured from the RED stack was discharged in the flow battery at a maximum power density of 3.0 kW m −2 ‐anode, which was similar to the flow batteries charged by electrical power and could be used for practical applications. Salinity gradient energy captured from the RED stack was recovered from the electrolytes as electricity with 30 % efficiency, and the maximum energy density of the system was 2.4 kWh m −3 ‐anolyte. The combined RED‐FB system overcomes many limitations of previous approaches to capture, store, and use salinity gradient energy from natural or engineered sources.