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Hydrothermal Synthesis of TiO 2 @SnO 2 Hybrid Nanoparticles in a Continuous‐Flow Dual‐Stage Reactor
Author(s) -
Hellstern Henrik L.,
Bremholm Martin,
Mamakhel Aref,
Becker Jacob,
Iversen Bo B.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
chemsuschem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.412
H-Index - 157
eISSN - 1864-564X
pISSN - 1864-5631
DOI - 10.1002/cssc.201501199
Subject(s) - hydrothermal circulation , hydrothermal synthesis , nanoparticle , chemical engineering , materials science , nanotechnology , dual (grammatical number) , chemistry , engineering , art , literature
TiO 2 @SnO 2 hybrid nanocomposites were successfully prepared in gram scale using a dual‐stage hydrothermal continuous‐flow reactor. Temperature and pH in the secondary reactor were found to selectively direct nucleation and growth of the secondary material into either heterogeneous nanocomposites or separate intermixed nanoparticles. At low pH, 2 nm rutile SnO 2 nanoparticles were deposited on 9 nm anatase TiO 2 particles; the presence of TiO 2 was found to suppress formation of larger SnO 2 particles. At high pH SnO 2 formed separate particles and no deposition on TiO 2 was observed. Ball‐milling of TiO 2 and SnO 2 produced no TiO 2 @SnO 2 composites. This verifies that the composite particles must be formed by nucleation and growth of the secondary precursor on the TiO 2 . High concentration of secondary precursor led to formation of TiO 2 particles embedded in aggregates of SnO 2 nanoparticles. The results demonstrate how nanocomposites may be produced in high yield by green chemistry.