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Current Pretreatment Technologies for the Development of Cellulosic Ethanol and Biorefineries
Author(s) -
Silveira Marcos Henrique Luciano,
Morais Ana Rita C.,
da Costa Lopes Andre M.,
Olekszyszen Drielly Nayara,
BogelŁukasik Rafał,
Andreaus Jürgen,
Pereira Ramos Luiz
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
chemsuschem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.412
H-Index - 157
eISSN - 1864-564X
pISSN - 1864-5631
DOI - 10.1002/cssc.201500282
Subject(s) - biorefinery , cellulosic ethanol , lignin , pulp and paper industry , biofuel , biorefining , chemistry , lignocellulosic biomass , steam explosion , biomass (ecology) , supercritical fluid , enzymatic hydrolysis , waste management , raw material , cellulose , biochemical engineering , hydrolysis , organic chemistry , engineering , oceanography , geology
Lignocellulosic materials, such as forest, agriculture, and agroindustrial residues, are among the most important resources for biorefineries to provide fuels, chemicals, and materials in such a way to substitute for, at least in part, the role of petrochemistry in modern society. Most of these sustainable biorefinery products can be produced from plant polysaccharides (glucans, hemicelluloses, starch, and pectic materials) and lignin. In this scenario, cellulosic ethanol has been considered for decades as one of the most promising alternatives to mitigate fossil fuel dependence and carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere. However, a pretreatment method is required to overcome the physical and chemical barriers that exist in the lignin–carbohydrate composite and to render most, if not all, of the plant cell wall components easily available for conversion into valuable products, including the fuel ethanol. Hence, pretreatment is a key step for an economically viable biorefinery. Successful pretreatment method must lead to partial or total separation of the lignocellulosic components, increasing the accessibility of holocellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis with the least inhibitory compounds being released for subsequent steps of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Each pretreatment technology has a different specificity against both carbohydrates and lignin and may or may not be efficient for different types of biomasses. Furthermore, it is also desirable to develop pretreatment methods with chemicals that are greener and effluent streams that have a lower impact on the environment. This paper provides an overview of the most important pretreatment methods available, including those that are based on the use of green solvents (supercritical fluids and ionic liquids).

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