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Zinc Phthalocyanine Conjugated Dimers as Efficient Dopant‐Free Hole Transporting Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells
Author(s) -
Molina Desiré,
RuizPreciado Marco A.,
Carlsen Brian,
Eickemeyer Felix Thomas,
Yang Bowen,
FloresDíaz Natalie,
ÁlvaroMartins Maria João,
omura Kazuteru,
Hagfeldt Anders,
SastreSantos Ángela
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
chemphotochem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.13
H-Index - 18
ISSN - 2367-0932
DOI - 10.1002/cptc.201900245
Subject(s) - dopant , perovskite (structure) , materials science , acceptor , doping , dimer , photochemistry , conjugated system , phthalocyanine , relative humidity , chemistry , optoelectronics , nanotechnology , crystallography , organic chemistry , composite material , polymer , physics , thermodynamics , condensed matter physics
Four ZnPc‐dimers with 2,5‐thienyl (ZnPc−th−ZnPc 1 ), 2,7‐fluorenyl (ZnPc−flu−ZnPc 2 ), 3,6‐bisthienylldiketopyrrolopyrrole (ZnPc−DPP−ZnPc 3 ) and 1,4‐phenyl (ZnPc−p−ZnPc 4 ) bridges have been studied as dopant‐free hole transporting materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The synthesis and characterization of ZnPc−th−ZnPc 1 and ZnPc−flu−ZnPc 2 dimers are reported for the first time. Steady state and time resolved photoluminescence demonstrate the good hole‐extraction capability of these materials. The best efficiencies obtained for dimers 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 are 15.5 %, 15.6 %, 16.8 % and 15.7 %, respectively, without the addition of dopants. Besides, these derivatives demonstrated better stability both in dark storage conditions with a relative humidity <20 % for 500 h and at 50 °C with a relative humidity >60 % for 160 h when compared to doped spiro−OMeTAD. The push‐pull nature of dimer ZnPc−DPP−ZnPc 3 has led to the highest efficiency among the ZnPc derivatives under study demonstrating that donor‐acceptor‐donor systems can be good alternatives to commonly used materials due their energy levels, low cost and the final morphology of the hole transporting layer.