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Implementation and evaluation of smart contracts using a hybrid on‐ and off‐blockchain architecture
Author(s) -
Solaiman Ellis,
Wike Todd,
Sfyrakis Ioannis
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
concurrency and computation: practice and experience
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.309
H-Index - 67
eISSN - 1532-0634
pISSN - 1532-0626
DOI - 10.1002/cpe.5811
Subject(s) - blockchain , scalability , computer science , smart contract , architecture , quality of service , service (business) , computer security , distributed computing , asset (computer security) , computer architecture , embedded system , computer network , database , business , marketing , art , visual arts
Summary Smart contracts can be implemented using either centralized or decentralized (blockchain) platforms. However, for a large class of applications, neither of these two alternatives on its own can provide adequate scalability, performance, quality of service, security, and trust requirements. We argue that for many applications, hybrid solutions that combine both on and off‐blockchain components are more adequate. In this article, we introduce the design and implementation of a novel hybrid smart contract architecture built using the Ethereum blockchain connected to a centralized smart contract management system developed by us. We then compare and evaluate the implementation of an asset tracking service using three different architectures: on‐chain, off‐chain, and hybrid. We demonstrate that using a hybrid architecture, we can substantially improve performance of applications while retaining security and trust for critical tasks.