Neuromuscular organization of the Ctenophore Pleurobrachia bachei

Ctenophores are descendants of one of the earliest branching metazoan lineage with enigmatic nervous systems. The lack of convenient neurogenic molecules and neurotransmitters suggests an extensive parallel evolution and independent origins of neurons and synapses. However, the field lags due to the lack of microanatomical data about the neuro‐muscular systems in this group of animals. Here, using immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy, we describe the organization of both muscular and nervous systems in the sea gooseberry, Pleurobrachia bachei , from North Pacific. The diffuse neural system of Pleurobrachia consists of two subsystems: the subepithelial neural network and the mesogleal net with about 5,000–7,000 neurons combined. Our data revealed the unexpected complexity of neuromuscular organization in this basal metazoan lineage. The anatomical diversity of cell types includes at least nine broad categories of neurons, five families of surface receptors and more than two dozen types of muscle cells as well as regional concentrations of neuronal elements to support ctenophore feeding, complex swimming, escape, and prey capture behaviors. In summary, we recognize more than 80 total morphological cell types. Thus, in terms of cell‐type specification and diversity, ctenophores significantly exceed what we currently know about other prebilaterian groups (placozoan, sponges, and cnidarians), and some basal bilaterians.