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Helicobacter pylori induces promoter methylation of E‐cadherin via interleukin‐1β activation of nitric oxide production in gastric cancer cells
Author(s) -
Huang FungYu,
Chan Annie OnOn,
Rashid Asif,
Wong Danny KaHo,
Cho ChiHin,
Yuen ManFung
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.052
H-Index - 304
eISSN - 1097-0142
pISSN - 0008-543X
DOI - 10.1002/cncr.27519
Subject(s) - methylation , dna methylation , helicobacter pylori , dna methyltransferase , nitric oxide synthase , microbiology and biotechnology , nitric oxide , interleukin , cancer research , biology , chemistry , methyltransferase , cytokine , gene expression , immunology , endocrinology , biochemistry , dna , gene , genetics
BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection causes gastric mucosal inflammatory responses, resulting in up‐regulation of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and overproduction of mutagenic nitric oxide (NO). The authors previously demonstrated that IL‐1β plays an important role in H. pylori ‐induced E‐cadherin (E‐cad) methylation. Here, they extend the study to investigate the downstream effect of IL‐1β on H. pylori ‐induced gastric inflammation and aberrant DNA methylation. METHODS: Human gastric cancer cell lines (MKN7, MKN74, and TMK‐1) with and without pretreatment of IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) were treated with IL‐1β or infected with H. pylori . Promoter methylation status of E‐cad was examined by methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression of E‐cad, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, Western blotting, or immunofluorescence. NO production and total DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity were assayed fluorometrically. RESULTS: Both IL‐1β treatment and H. pylori infection‐induced E‐cad methylation led to a decrease in E‐cad expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Total DNMT enzymatic activity was significantly elevated in treated cells, accounting for the observed E‐cad methylation induction. Increased expression of NFκB was accompanied by up‐regulation of iNOS and production of NO in treated cells. Reversal of all these phenomena in cells pretreated with IL‐1ra suggested H. pylori ‐induced E‐cad methylation via IL‐1β stimulation of the NFκB transcriptional system, leading to activation of DNMT activity by NO production. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal a previously unknown effect of IL‐1β and NO on H. pylori ‐induced aberrant DNA methylation. This possible pathway indicates the role of NO in epigenetic modification that links inflammation to carcinogenesis. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.