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Cyclic 3′,5′‐guanosine monophosphate‐dependent protein kinase inhibits colon cancer cell adaptation to hypoxia
Author(s) -
Kwon InKiu,
Wang Rui,
Prakash Nikhil,
Bozard Renee,
Baudino Troy A.,
Liu Kebin,
Thangaraju Muthusamy,
Dong Zheng,
Browning Darren D.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.052
H-Index - 304
eISSN - 1097-0142
pISSN - 0008-543X
DOI - 10.1002/cncr.26192
Subject(s) - medicine , cyclic guanosine monophosphate , hypoxia (environmental) , guanosine , colorectal cancer , protein kinase a , adaptation (eye) , kinase , cancer research , microbiology and biotechnology , biochemistry , cancer , neuroscience , biology , chemistry , oxygen , nitric oxide , organic chemistry
BACKGROUND: Type 1 cyclic 3′,5′‐guanosine monophosphate‐dependent protein kinase (PKG) has recently been reported to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis. These effects suggest that PKG activation may have therapeutic value for colon cancer treatment, but the signaling downstream of this enzyme is poorly understood. The present study examined the mechanism underlying the inhibition of angiogenesis by PKG. METHODS: The effect of ectopically expressed PKG on colon cancer cell adaptation to a 1% O 2 (hypoxic) environment was examined in vitro by measuring hypoxic markers, cell death/viability, and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activity. RESULTS: Ectopic PKG inhibited angiogenesis in SW620 xenografts and significantly attenuated hypoxia‐induced increases in vascular endothelial growth factor at both the mRNA and protein levels. PKG activation also blocked hypoxia‐induced hexokinase 2 expression, which corresponded with reduced cellular adenosine triphosphate levels. Moreover, PKG expression significantly reduced cell viability and promoted necrotic cell death after 2 days in a hypoxic environment. To gain some mechanistic insight, the effect of PKG on HIF activation was determined using luciferase reporter assays. PKG activation inhibited HIF transcriptional activity in several colon cancer cell lines, including SW620, HCT116, and HT29. The mechanism by which PKG can inhibit HIF activity is not known, but it does not affect HIF‐1α protein accumulation or nuclear translocation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate for the first time that PKG can block the adaptation of colon cancer cells to hypoxia and highlights this enzyme for further evaluation as a potential target for colon cancer treatment. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.