Open AccessA review of responsive MRI contrast agents: 2005–2014
Author(s) -
Hingorani Dina V.,
Bernstein Adam S.,
Pagel Mark D.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
contrast media & molecular imaging
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.714
H-Index - 50
eISSN - 1555-4317
pISSN - 1555-4309
DOI - 10.1002/cmmi.1629
Subject(s) - superparamagnetism , chemistry , mri contrast agent , biophysics , biomarker , nuclear magnetic resonance , nanotechnology , materials science , biochemistry , physics , biology , magnetic field , nanoparticle , magnetization , quantum mechanics
This review focuses on MRI contrast agents that are responsive to a change in a physiological biomarker. The response mechanisms are dependent on six physicochemical characteristics, including the accessibility of water to the agent, tumbling time, proton exchange rate, electron spin state, MR frequency or superparamagnetism of the agent. These characteristics can be affected by changes in concentrations or activities of enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, or metal ions, or changes in redox state, pH, temperature, or light. A total of 117 examples are presented, including ones that employ nuclei other than 1 H, which attests to the creativity of multidisciplinary research efforts to develop responsive MRI contrast agents. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.