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Design and Synthesis of DNA‐Interactive β‐Carboline–Oxindole Hybrids as Cytotoxic and Apoptosis‐Inducing Agents
Author(s) -
Tokala Ramya,
Thatikonda Sowjanya,
Vanteddu Usha Sree,
Sana Sravani,
Godugu Chandraiah,
Shankaraiah Nagula
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
chemmedchem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.817
H-Index - 100
eISSN - 1860-7187
pISSN - 1860-7179
DOI - 10.1002/cmdc.201800402
Subject(s) - apoptosis , clonogenic assay , cytotoxic t cell , dapi , microbiology and biotechnology , acridine orange , cancer cell , dna fragmentation , annexin , cytotoxicity , cell cycle , chemistry , ethidium bromide , biology , biochemistry , in vitro , cancer , programmed cell death , dna , genetics
A new series of ( E )‐3‐[(1‐aryl‐9 H ‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]indol‐3‐yl)methylene]indolin‐2‐one hybrids were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of selected human cancer cell lines, namely, HCT‐15, HCT‐116, A549, NCI‐H460, and MCF‐7, including HFL. Among the tested compounds, ( E )‐1‐benzyl‐5‐bromo‐3‐{[1‐(2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐9 H ‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]indol‐3‐yl]methylene}indolin‐2‐one ( 10 s ) showed potent cytotoxicity against HCT‐15 cancer cells with an IC 50 value of 1.43±0.26 μ m and a GI 50 value of 0.89±0.06 μ m . Notably, induction of apoptosis by 10 s on the HCT‐15 cell line was characterized by using different staining techniques, such as acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) and DAPI. Further, to understand the mechanism of anticancer effects, various assays such as annexin V‐FITC/PI, DCFDA, and JC‐1were performed. The flow cytometric analysis revealed that compound 10 s arrests the HCT‐15 cancer cells at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Additionally, western blot analysis indicated that treatment of 10 s on HCT‐15 cancer cells led to decreased expression of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 and increased protein expression of both pro‐apoptotic Bax and caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9, and cleaved PARP with reference to actin. Next, a clonogenic assay revealed the inhibition of colony formation in HCT‐15 cancer cells by 10 s in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, upon testing on normal human lung cells (HFL), the compounds were observed to be safer with a low toxicity profile. In addition, viscosity and molecular‐docking studies showed that compound 10 s has typical intercalation with DNA.