Assessment of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgery

Surgical techniques have been refined so that complications directly resulting from surgical procedures are relatively small. However, with the high prevalence of coronary artery disease in the United States, many surgical patients have concomitant coronary artery disease. Anesthesia as well as the surgical procedure induce stresses on the heart and circulatory system which could result in perioperative cardiac morbidity and mortality. Assessing patients prior to surgical procedures by history, physical examination, laboratory data, and newer cardiovascular diagnostic procedures can stratify the cardiac risk and help to predict the incidence of perioperative cardiac morbidity and mortality. If great risk exists, an alternative therapy or cancellation of the surgical procedure may be considered. In certain subgroups of patients, coronary artery revascularization, valvular heart surgery, or beginning medical therapy of the underlying cardiac pathology could be performed prior to the surgical procedure. If this cannot be arranged for the high‐risk patients, more intensive and invasive hemodynamic monitoring and optimal medical management perioperatively might reduce cardiac complications.