Transcatheter management of cyanotic congenital heart defects: A review

In this review, the role of transcatheter methods in the management of cyanotic congenital heart defects is discussed. In patients with interventricular right‐to‐left shunting secondary to pulmonary outflow tract obstruction (most commonly tetralogy of Fallot), balloon dilatation may be an effective palliative procedure in a substantial proportion of patients, obviating the need for a palliative shunt. We would recommend this if the patient's size or cardiac anatomy makes that patient an unsuitable candidate for safe total surgical correction. Infundibular myectomy with atherectomy catheter in tetralogy of Fallot patients may become a useful adjunct in the management of these infants. Cyanotic children with interatrial right‐to‐left shunt secondary to severe valvar pulmonary stenosis respond to balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in a manner similar to mat seen with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis. In these patients, balloon valvuloplasty is the treatment of choice and may be corrective in most cases. In patients with a narrowed Blalock‐Taussig shunt, balloon angioplasty may improve pulmonary oligemia and systemic arterial hypoxemia and may obviate the need for a second systemic‐to‐pulmonary artery shunt. Balloon angioplasty is recommended if the patient's cardiac defect is not amenable to surgical correction at a low risk either because of the size of the patient or because of the complexity of the cyanotic heart defect. In patients with pulmonary valve atresia, initial opening of the atretic pulmonary valve by either laser or surgery with subsequent balloon dilatation is potentially beneficial in reducing the total number of surgical procedures that these children are likely to require. However, further clinical trials are needed prior to their general use.