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Spin–Orbit Charge‐Transfer Intersystem Crossing (ISC) in Compact Electron Donor–Acceptor Dyads: ISC Mechanism and Application as Novel and Potent Photodynamic Therapy Reagents
Author(s) -
Wang Zhijia,
Ivanov Mikhail,
Gao Yuting,
Bussotti Laura,
Foggi Paolo,
Zhang Huimin,
Russo Nino,
Dick Bernhard,
Zhao Jianzhang,
Di Donato Mariangela,
Mazzone Gloria,
Luo Liang,
Fedin Matvey
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.201904306
Subject(s) - intersystem crossing , charge (physics) , acceptor , photochemistry , mechanism (biology) , photodynamic therapy , spin (aerodynamics) , electron acceptor , electron , electron transfer , electron donor , reagent , materials science , chemistry , atomic physics , molecular physics , physics , singlet state , excited state , condensed matter physics , nuclear physics , catalysis , organic chemistry , quantum mechanics , thermodynamics
Spin–orbit charge‐transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT‐ISC) is useful for the preparation of heavy atom‐free triplet photosensitisers (PSs). Herein, a series of perylene‐Bodipy compact electron donor/acceptor dyads showing efficient SOCT‐ISC is prepared. The photophysical properties of the dyads were studied with steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopies. Efficient triplet state formation (quantum yield Φ T =60 %) was observed, with a triplet state lifetime ( τ T =436 μs) much longer than that accessed with the conventional heavy atom effect ( τ T =62 μs). The SOCT‐ISC mechanism was unambiguously confirmed by direct excitation of the charge transfer (CT) absorption band by using nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy. The factors affecting the SOCT‐ISC efficiency include the geometry, the potential energy surface of the torsion, the spin density for the atoms of the linker, solvent polarity, and the energy matching of the 1 CT/ 3 LE states. Remarkably, these heavy atom‐free triplet PSs were demonstrated as a new type of efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) reagents (phototoxicity, EC 50 =75 n m ), with a negligible dark toxicity (EC 50 =78.1 μ m ) compared with the conventional heavy atom PSs (dark toxicity, EC 50 =6.0 μ m, light toxicity, EC 50 =4.0 n m ). This study provides in‐depth understanding of the SOCT‐ISC, unveils the design principles of triplet PSs based on SOCT‐ISC, and underlines their application as a new generation of potent PDT reagents.