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Fluorescence‐Lifetime‐Sensitive Probes for Monitoring ATP Cleavage
Author(s) -
Hammler Daniel,
Marx Andreas,
Zumbusch Andreas
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.201803234
Subject(s) - fluorescence , photochemistry , chemistry , chromophore , fluorescence spectroscopy , quenching (fluorescence) , förster resonance energy transfer , adenosine triphosphate , time resolved spectroscopy , cleavage (geology) , fluorescence in the life sciences , biophysics , materials science , biochemistry , physics , quantum mechanics , fracture (geology) , composite material , biology
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) probes modified with fluorescence dyes that change their fluorescence properties upon cleavage are an interesting tool for monitoring enzymatic ATP turnover. As a readout parameter, fluorescence lifetime is attractive because it is nearly independent of concentration. In our study, we synthesised and investigated fifteen different ATP analogues, in which the fluorophores were attached to the γ‐phosphate of ATP. All analogues showed distinctly different fluorescence lifetimes compared to the corresponding values of the free fluorophores. Both increases and decreases in fluorescence lifetime were observed upon attachment to ATP. To shed light on the photophysical processes governing the lifetime changes, we performed photoelectron spectroscopy in air (PESA) to determine HOMO energy levels and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to obtain rate constants. We present evidence that fluorescence quenching in the compounds tested is dynamic and attributed to photoinduced electron transfer (PET), whereas fluorescence lifetime increases are caused by stacking interactions between chromophore and the nucleobase reducing non‐radiative relaxation. Finally, we demonstrate that enzymatic cleavage of the ATP analogues presented can be followed by continuous monitoring of fluorescence lifetime changes.

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