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Betaine and Carnitine Derivatives as Herbicidal Ionic Liquids
Author(s) -
Pernak Juliusz,
Niemczak Michał,
Chrzanowski Łukasz,
Ławniczak Łukasz,
Fochtman Przemysław,
Marcinkowska Katarzyna,
Praczyk Tadeusz
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.201601952
Subject(s) - betaine , ionic liquid , chemistry , biodegradation , mcpa , solubility , salt (chemistry) , organic chemistry , triazine , pesticide , agronomy , biology , catalysis
This study focused on the synthesis and subsequent characterization of herbicidal ionic liquids based on betaine and carnitine, two derivatives of amino acids, which were used as cations. Four commonly used herbicides (2,4‐D, MCPA, MCPP and Dicamba) were used as anions in simple (single anion) and oligomeric (two anions) salts. The obtained salts were subjected to analyzes regarding physicochemical properties (density, viscosity, refractive index, thermal decomposition profiles and solubility) as well as evaluation of their herbicidal activity under greenhouse and field conditions, toxicity towards rats and biodegradability. The obtained results suggest that the synthesized herbicidal ionic liquids displayed low toxicity (classified as category 4 compounds) and showed similar or improved efficacy against weed compared to reference herbicides. The highest increase was observed during field trials for salts containing 2,4‐D as the anion, which also exhibited the highest biodegradability (>75 %).