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Importance of Outer‐Sphere and Aggregation Phenomena in the Relaxation Properties of Phosphonated Gadolinium Complexes with Potential Applications as MRI Contrast Agents
Author(s) -
Elhabiri Mourad,
Abada Sabah,
Sy Mohamadou,
at Aline,
Choquet Philippe,
EstebanGómez David,
Cassino Claudio,
PlatasIglesias Carlos,
Botta Mauro,
Charbonnière Loïc J.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.201500155
Subject(s) - lanthanide , chemistry , gadolinium , titration , relaxation (psychology) , intramolecular force , aqueous solution , ligand (biochemistry) , stability constants of complexes , crystallography , pyridine , proton nmr , coordination sphere , dota , analytical chemistry (journal) , chelation , inorganic chemistry , stereochemistry , crystal structure , ion , chromatography , organic chemistry , social psychology , psychology , biochemistry , receptor
A series composed of a tetra‐, a tris‐ and a bisphosphonated ligand based on a pyridine scaffold ( L 4 , L 3 and L 2 , respectively) was studied within the frame of lanthanide (Ln) coordination. The stability constants of the complexes formed with lanthanide cations (Ln=La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er and Lu) were determined by potentiometry in aqueous solutions (25.0 °C, 0.1 M NaClO 4 ), showing that the tetraphosphonated complexes are among the most stable Ln III complexes reported in the literature. The complexation of L 4 was further studied by different titration experiments using mass spectrometry and various spectroscopic techniques including UV/Vis absorption, and steady state and time‐resolved luminescence (Ln=Eu and Tb). Titration experiments confirmed the formation of highly stable [Ln L 4 ] complexes. 31 P NMR experiments of the Lu L 4 complex revealed an intramolecular interconversion process which was studied at different temperatures and was rationalized by DFT modelling. The relaxivity properties of the Gd III complexes were studied by recording their 1 H NMRD profiles at various temperatures, by temperature dependent 17 O NMR experiments (Gd L 4 ) and by pH dependent relaxivity measurements at 0.47 T (Gd L 3 and Gd L 2 ). In addition to the high relaxivity values observed for all complexes, the results showed an important second‐sphere contribution to relaxivity and pH dependent variations associated with the formation of aggregates for Gd L 2 and Gd L 3 . Finally, intravenous injection of Gd L 4 to a mouse was followed by dynamic MRI imaging at 1.5 T, which showed that the complex can be immediately found in the blood stream and rapidly eliminated through the liver and in large part through the kidneys.