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On the Oxidation of the Three‐Dimensional Aromatics [B 12 X 12 ] 2− (X=F, Cl, Br, I)
Author(s) -
Boeré René T.,
Derendorf Janis,
Jenne Carsten,
Kacprzak Sylwia,
Keßler Mathias,
Riebau Rainer,
Riedel Sebastian,
Roemmele Tracey L.,
Rühle Monika,
Scherer Harald,
VentSchmidt Thomas,
Warneke Jonas,
Weber Stefan
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.201304405
Subject(s) - chemistry , halogen , radical , electron paramagnetic resonance , bromine , inorganic chemistry , ion , substituent , oxidizing agent , medicinal chemistry , photochemistry , organic chemistry , alkyl , physics , nuclear magnetic resonance
The perhalogenated closo ‐dodecaborate dianions [B 12 X 12 ] 2− (X=H, F, Cl, Br, I) are three‐dimensional counterparts to the two‐dimensional aromatics C 6 X 6 (X=H, F, Cl, Br, I). Whereas oxidation of the parent compounds [B 12 H 12 ] 2− and benzene does not lead to isolable radicals, the perhalogenated analogues can be oxidized by chemical or electrochemical methods to give stable radicals. The chemical oxidation of the closo ‐dodecaborate dianions [B 12 X 12 ] 2− with the strong oxidizer AsF 5 in liquid sulfur dioxide ( l SO 2 ) yielded the corresponding radical anions [B 12 X 12 ] ⋅ − (X=F, Cl, Br). The presence of radical ions was proven by EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and supported by quantum chemical calculations. Use of an excess amount of the oxidizing agent allowed the synthesis of the neutral perhalogenated hypercloso ‐boranes B 12 X 12 (X=Cl, Br). These compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction of dark blue B 12 Cl 12 and [Na(SO 2 ) 6 ][B 12 Br 12 ] ⋅ B 12 Br 12 . Sublimation of the crude reaction products that contained B 12 X 12 (X=Cl, Br) resulted in pure dark blue B 12 Cl 12 or decomposition to red B 9 Br 9 , respectively. The energetics of the oxidation processes in the gas phase were calculated by DFT methods at the PBE0/def2‐TZVPP level of theory. They revealed the trend of increasing ionization potentials of the [B 12 X 12 ] 2− dianions by going from fluorine to bromine as halogen substituent. The oxidation of all [B 12 X 12 ] 2− dianions was also studied in the gas phase by mass spectrometry in an ion trap. The electrochemical oxidation of the closo ‐dodecaborate dianions [B 12 X 12 ] 2− (X=F, Cl, Br, I) by cyclic and Osteryoung square‐wave voltammetry in liquid sulfur dioxide or acetonitrile showed very good agreement with quantum chemical calculations in the gas phase. For [B 12 X 12 ] 2− (X=F, Cl, Br) the first and second oxidation processes are detected. Whereas the first process is quasi‐reversible (with oxidation potentials in the range between +1.68 and +2.29 V ( l SO 2 , versus ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc 0/+ ))), the second process is irreversible (with oxidation potentials ranging from +2.63 to +2.71 V ( l SO 2 , versus Fc 0/+ )). [B 12 I 12 ] 2− showed a complex oxidation behavior in cyclic voltammetry experiments, presumably owing to decomposition of the cluster anion under release of iodide, which also explains the failure to isolate the respective radical by chemical oxidation.