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Tuning the Lewis Acidity of Boranes in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: Implications for the Hydrogenation of Electron‐Poor Alkenes
Author(s) -
Nicasio Juan A.,
Steinberg Sebastian,
Inés Blanca,
Alcarazo Manuel
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.201301158
Subject(s) - frustrated lewis pair , boranes , chemistry , lewis acids and bases , borane , hydride , heterolysis , medicinal chemistry , moiety , cycloheptene , dabco , steric effects , catalysis , organic chemistry , metal , boron
An analysis of the metal‐free reduction of electron deficient olefins by frustrated Lewis pairs indicates that the rate‐determining step might be either the heterolytic cleavage of H 2 to form an ‐onium borohydride salt, or the subsequent transfer of the hydride moiety to the substrate following a Michael‐type addition reaction. While the use of strong Lewis acids such as B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 facilitates the first of these processes, hydride transfer to the olefin should be contrarily favoured by the use of weak Lewis acids which, for this very same reason, might be unable to promote the prior H 2 split. After systematic testing of several boranes of different Lewis acidity (assessed by using the Childs’ method) and steric demand, an optimal situation that employs tris(2,4,6‐trifluorophenyl)borane was reached. Mixtures of this borane with 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of alkylidene malonates. In fact, this transformation could be achieved under milder conditions than those we reported previously. Moreover, the reaction scope could be expanded to other electron deficient olefins containing esters, sulfones or nitro functionalities as electron‐withdrawing substituents.