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Equilibrium Lithium‐Ion Transport Between Nanocrystalline Lithium‐Inserted Anatase TiO 2 and the Electrolyte
Author(s) -
Ganapathy Swapna,
van Eck Ernst R. H.,
Kentgens Arno P. M.,
Mulder Fokko M.,
Wagemaker Marnix
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.201101431
Subject(s) - electrolyte , anatase , lithium (medication) , materials science , electrode , ion , battery (electricity) , inorganic chemistry , chemistry , chemical engineering , thermodynamics , organic chemistry , catalysis , medicine , power (physics) , physics , photocatalysis , engineering , endocrinology
The power density of lithium‐ion batteries requires the fast transfer of ions between the electrode and electrolyte. The achievable power density is directly related to the spontaneous equilibrium exchange of charged lithium ions across the electrolyte/electrode interface. Direct and unique characterization of this charge‐transfer process is very difficult if not impossible, and consequently little is known about the solid/liquid ion transfer in lithium‐ion‐battery materials. Herein we report the direct observation by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy of continuous lithium‐ion exchange between the promising nanosized anatase TiO 2 electrode material and the electrolyte. Our results reveal that the energy barrier to charge transfer across the electrode/electrolyte interface is equal to or greater than the barrier to lithium‐ion diffusion through the solid anatase matrix. The composition of the electrolyte and in turn the solid/electrolyte interface (SEI) has a significant effect on the electrolyte/electrode lithium‐ion exchange; this suggests potential improvements in the power of batteries by optimizing the electrolyte composition.