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Induction‐Driven Stabilization of the Anion–π Interaction in Electron‐Rich Aromatics as the Key to Fluoride Inclusion in Imidazolium‐Cage Receptors
Author(s) -
Xu Zhaochao,
Singh N. Jiten,
Kim Sook Kyung,
Spring David R.,
Kim Kwang S.,
Yoon Juyoung
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.201002105
Subject(s) - isothermal titration calorimetry , fluoride , chemistry , ion , ionic bonding , titration , gibbs free energy , fluorescence , hydrogen bond , intermolecular force , aromaticity , photochemistry , proton nmr , crystallography , inorganic chemistry , molecule , stereochemistry , organic chemistry , physics , quantum mechanics
Intermolecular interactions that involve aromatic rings are key processes in both chemical and biological recognition. It is common knowledge that the existence of anion–π interactions between anions and electron‐deficient (π‐acidic) aromatics indicates that electron‐rich (π‐basic) aromatics are expected to be repulsive to anions due to their electron‐donating character. Here we report the first concrete theoretical and experimental evidence of the anion–π interaction between electron‐rich alkylbenzene rings and a fluoride ion in CH 3 CN. The cyclophane cavity bridged with three naphthoimidazolium groups selectively complexes a fluoride ion by means of a combination of anion–π interactions and (CH) + ⋅⋅⋅ F − ‐type ionic hydrogen bonds. 1 H NMR, 19 F NMR, and fluorescence spectra of 1 and 2 with fluoride ions are examined to show that only 2 can host a fluoride ion in the cavity between two alkylbenzene rings to form a sandwich complex. In addition, the cage compounds can serve as highly selective and ratiometric fluorescent sensors for a fluoride ion. With the addition of 1 equiv of F − , a strongly increased fluorescence emission centered at 385 nm appears at the expense of the fluorescence emission of 2 centered at 474 nm. Finally, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments were performed to obtain the binding constants of the compounds 1 and 2 with F − as well as Gibbs free energy. The 2 ‐F − complex is more stable than the 1 ‐F − complex by 1.87 kcal mol −1 , which is attributable to the stronger anion–π interaction between F − and triethylbenzene.