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A Selective, Nontoxic, OFF–ON Fluorescent Molecular Sensor Based on 8‐Hydroxyquinoline for Probing Cd 2+ in Living Cells
Author(s) -
Mameli Marta,
Aragoni M. Carla,
Arca Massimiliano,
Caltagirone Claudia,
Demartin Francesco,
Farruggia Giovanna,
De Filippo Greta,
Devillanova Francesco A.,
Garau Alessandra,
Isaia Francesco,
Lippolis Vito,
Murgia Sergio,
Prodi Luca,
Pintus Anna,
Zaccheroni Nelsi
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.200902005
Subject(s) - fluorescence , chemistry , 8 hydroxyquinoline , chelation , metal ions in aqueous solution , liposome , sodium dodecyl sulfate , biophysics , fluorescence microscope , aqueous solution , cadmium , micelle , metal , biochemistry , inorganic chemistry , biology , organic chemistry , physics , quantum mechanics
In spite of the fact that cadmium(II) has been recognized as a highly toxic element and that excessive exposure to this metal ion has been reported to have many adverse effects on human health, very few selective and specific fluorescent probes are available for imaging Cd 2+ in living cells. Herein, we report the spectroscopic and photochemical characterization of 5‐(5‐chloro‐8‐hydroxyquinolinylmethyl)‐2,8‐dithia‐5‐aza‐2,6‐pyridinophane ( L ) as a fluorescent sensor for the selective imaging of Cd 2+ in living cells. In particular, the response of L to Cd 2+ was first assessed in aqueous solutions, sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles, and liposomes, and subsequently in living cells by fluorescence microscopy techniques. Cytofluorimetric analyses of leukemic HL‐60 cells loaded with L also allowed evaluation of the toxicity of the probe and the selective analysis of its intracellular fluorescence in the presence of Cd 2+ . Furthermore, the 1:1 complex species [Cd( L )H 2 O] 2+ responsible for the OFF–ON chelation enhancement of fluorescence (CHEF) effect on L was structurally characterized; time‐dependent DFT calculations allowed the prediction of theoretical excitations, which were comparable with the experimental ones.