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Microwave‐Assisted Suzuki Coupling Reactions with an Encapsulated Palladium Catalyst for Batch and Continuous‐Flow Transformations
Author(s) -
Baxendale Ian R.,
GriffithsJones Charlotte M.,
Ley Steven V.,
Tranmer Geoffrey K.
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
chemistry – a european journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.687
H-Index - 242
eISSN - 1521-3765
pISSN - 0947-6539
DOI - 10.1002/chem.200501400
Subject(s) - palladium , catalysis , microwave , yield (engineering) , continuous flow , microwave irradiation , materials science , microwave heating , batch processing , process engineering , chemical engineering , coupling (piping) , flow chemistry , coupling reaction , reactivity (psychology) , suzuki reaction , chemistry , combinatorial chemistry , organic chemistry , computer science , metallurgy , biochemical engineering , telecommunications , alternative medicine , pathology , medicine , engineering , programming language
Abstract This article describes the design, optimisation and development of a Suzuki cross‐coupling protocol mediated by an efficient palladium‐encapsulated catalyst (Pd EnCat TM ) under microwave irradiation. The methodology has been used in both batch mode for classical library preparation and in continuous‐flow applications furnishing multigram quantities of material. Described is a method that uses direct focused microwave heating whilst applying an external cooling source. This enables a lower than normal bulk temperature to be maintained throughout the reaction period leading to significant improvements in the overall yield and purity of the reaction products. Additional aspects of this novel heating protocol are discussed in relation to the prolonged lifetime and enhanced reactivity of the immobilised catalyst system.