Premium
A Review on the Morphologically Controlled Synthesis of Polyphosphazenes for Electrochemical Applications
Author(s) -
Ali Zahid,
Basharat Majid,
Wu Zhanpeng
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
chemelectrochem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.182
H-Index - 59
ISSN - 2196-0216
DOI - 10.1002/celc.202001352
Subject(s) - materials science , nanotechnology , carbon fibers , supercapacitor , electrolyte , polymer , molecule , ternary operation , chemical engineering , electrochemistry , pyrolysis , polymerization , chemistry , organic chemistry , electrode , composite material , composite number , computer science , engineering , programming language
Polyphosphazenes (PPNs) belong to organic‐inorganic hybrid polymeric skeletal materials suitably fabricated via precipitation or condensation polymerization and self‐assembly approaches. Organic moieties with two and three −NH 2 or −OH functionalities inherit subsequent ordered 2D and 3D arrangements of the atoms and molecules to attain the morphologies such as nanotubes, nano/micro‐spheres, fibers, nanosheets, and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Auto‐doping is a strategic feature of PPN materials to originate binary‐, ternary‐, and quaternary‐doped carbon frameworks and graphitic carbon nitride ( g ‐C 3 N 4 ) upon direct pyrolysis in an inert environment. Hollow carbon spheres provides a good range of surface areas (ca. 755–3673 m 2 /g) with enormous active sites and hierarchical channels for the effective flow of electrolyte ions, which make them a good choice for solid‐state batteries and supercapacitors; structural irregularities and imperfections offer surface‐adsorbed breakdown of water and open new horizons for water splitting through hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction with the lowest half‐wave ( E 1/2 ) potential when compared to Pt/C‐ and Pt/C+RuO 2 ‐based electrocatalysts.