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Oxygen and Nitrogen Co‐enriched Sustainable Porous Carbon Hollow Microspheres from Sodium Lignosulfonate for Supercapacitors with High Volumetric Energy Densities
Author(s) -
Pang Jie,
Zhang WenFeng,
Zhang JinLiang,
Zhang HuiMin,
Cao GaoPing,
Han MinFang,
Yang YuSheng
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
chemelectrochem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.182
H-Index - 59
ISSN - 2196-0216
DOI - 10.1002/celc.201701384
Subject(s) - supercapacitor , materials science , carbonization , carbon fibers , chemical engineering , specific surface area , electrolyte , capacitance , nitrogen , gravimetric analysis , oxygen , electrochemistry , porosity , volume (thermodynamics) , electrode , chemistry , composite material , organic chemistry , scanning electron microscope , catalysis , composite number , engineering , physics , quantum mechanics
Oxygen and nitrogen co‐enriched hierarchical porous carbon hollow microspheres are synthesized by using biomass‐derivative sodium lignosulfonate as a feedstock through a facile and scalable process. This four‐step synthesis process involves spray drying, thermal stabilization, carbonization, and post nitric acid modification. The as‐obtained carbon exhibits a moderate but efficient porosity (specific surface area of 991 m 2 g −1 , total pore volume of 0.75 cm 3 g −1 ), small particle size of 0.2–5 μm, high electrode density of 0.45 g cm −3 , and abundant surface oxygen/nitrogen species (13.12 at.%/0.97 at.%). Its electrochemical performance is evaluated by assembling into supercapacitors in 7 M KOH electrolyte. The three‐electrode cell presents a high gravimetric capacitance of 284 F g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 and good rate capability of 43.6 % at 20 A g −1 . While the two‐electrode cell gives an impressive volumetric capacitance of 21.2 F cm −3 at 0.1 A g −1 , marvelous volumetric energy density of 2.9 Wh L −1 at 11.3 W L −1 , and remarkable cycling stability of 93.4 % capacitance retention after 10000 cycles, which is superior or comparable to that of commercial activated carbon.