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Hard Carbon Anodes for Na‐Ion Batteries: Toward a Practical Use
Author(s) -
Hasegawa George,
Kanamori Kazuyoshi,
Kannari Naokatsu,
Ozaki Junichi,
Nakanishi Kazuki,
Abe Takeshi
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
chemelectrochem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.182
H-Index - 59
ISSN - 2196-0216
DOI - 10.1002/celc.201500412
Subject(s) - anode , faraday efficiency , materials science , carbon fibers , battery (electricity) , graphene , electrode , work (physics) , nanotechnology , ion , cell voltage , chemical engineering , composite material , chemistry , mechanical engineering , organic chemistry , engineering , power (physics) , physics , quantum mechanics , composite number
Hard carbons have immense potential as anode materials for Na‐ion batteries, because the expanded graphene interlayers and nanovoids between randomly stacked aromatic fragments can accommodate a substantial amount of sodium. However, the large irreversible capacity in the first cycle still remains as a significant issue in terms of a practicable battery technology. Here, we show that hard carbon electrodes derived from a common phenol resin deliver a high reversible capacity within the narrow potential range of 0.1–0.005 V (vs. Na + /Na) and an excellent initial coulombic efficiency up to 95 %. The former allows the sustainable high voltage, whereas the latter minimizes the amount of unavailable Na + in a closed cell. The findings in this work put forward a guideline for manufacturing hard carbon electrodes, which goes against the current trend of nanostructuring and downsizing.