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CeO 2 @N/C@TiO 2 Core‐shell Nanosphere Catalyst for the Aerobic Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐Furancarboxylic Acid
Author(s) -
Song Yong,
Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N.,
Han Feng,
Li Yan,
Ai Shiyun
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
chemcatchem
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.497
H-Index - 106
eISSN - 1867-3899
pISSN - 1867-3880
DOI - 10.1002/cctc.202100091
Subject(s) - catalysis , x ray photoelectron spectroscopy , hydroxymethyl , physisorption , chemistry , chemical engineering , inorganic chemistry , materials science , nuclear chemistry , organic chemistry , engineering
Defective D‐CeO 2 @N/C@TiO 2 nanospheres, each comprising a spherical CeO 2 core coated with shells of N‐doped carbon and TiO 2 , were successfully synthesized then evaluated for the aerobic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA). Detailed catalyst characterization studies using XRD, SEM, TEM, TG‐DTA, XPS, N 2 physisorption confirmed the hierarchical core‐shell structure of the D‐CeO 2 @N/C@TiO 2 nanospheres, with the defective surface structures created through a thermal hydrogenation process using NaBH 4 promoting HMF conversion. The effect of various reaction parameters, including the reaction time, temperature, oxygen pressure, type of alkali co‐reactant and the amount of catalyst, on HMF oxidation to HMFCA over the D‐CeO 2 @N/C@TiO 2 nanospheres were studied. Under the optimized reaction conditions (temperature 80 °C, reaction time 30 min, O 2 pressure 1 MPa), a high HMF conversion of 87.8 % and a remarkable HMFCA selectivity of 100 % were obtained. In addition, the D‐CeO 2 @N/C@TiO 2 nanosphere catalyst showed great stability over four consecutive HMF oxidation tests, implying good catalyst stability. Experimental findings were used to develop a plausible reaction mechanism for the selective oxidation of HMF on the D‐CeO 2 @N/C@TiO 2 nanospheres.